The future of Ethereum scaling lies in hardware, not software

The future of Ethereum scaling lies in hardware, not software

Mar 8, 2025, 19:00 GMT+43 min read

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Opinion by: Leo Fan, co-founder of Cysic

Running Ethereum today is like trying to play a modern game on a 1980s laptop — the outdated hardware would struggle to load, lag endlessly, and likely crash under the weight of new demands. Designed for a simpler blockchain era, Ethereum’s infrastructure can no longer keep up, processing just 10 to 62 transactions per second, far below the thousands needed for mainstream adoption.

Meanwhile, with sub-second block times and near-zero fees, Solana enjoys growing mainstream popularity, which is evident in surging wallet downloads amid the TRUMP launch. Ethereum remains hindered by high gas fees and congestion, pushing users and developers to faster alternatives.

Without addressing its scaling bottlenecks, Ethereum risks falling behind. While Ethereum’s layer-2 (L2) rollups have alleviated network congestion, they ultimately serve as stopgap measures that provide temporary relief. Software-first approaches are experiencing teething issues in interoperability and scalability, raising questions about Ethereum’s long-term sustainability and relevance.

Many L2s are designed to fit the native network and cannot support real-time applications such as decentralized gaming or cross-border payments. Ethereum needs a fundamental shift if it wants to maintain its leadership in the blockchain space. The solution lies not in incremental software updates but in hardware acceleration.

Aligning Ethereum’s vision with hardware

Vitalik Buterin’s Verge milestone envisions Ethereum achieving complete node verification on consumer-grade devices, a critical step toward the blockchain’s broader goals of accessibility and decentralization. Buterin has emphasized shifting from patchwork solutions to building a well-rounded computational infrastructure to realize this vision. Purpose-built hardware, such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), is key: It enhances transaction processing speeds, reduces latency, and optimizes energy use. It lays the groundwork for sustainable Ethereum scaling, ensuring the network grows without compromising its core principles.

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Ethereum’s Pectra upgrade also does not fully resolve its fundamental scaling challenges, highlighting the urgency for enhanced scalability and stability. The key optimizations introduced — account abstraction and enhanced validator operations — seek to refine Ethereum’s efficiency and user experience but do not significantly increase transaction throughput or reduce network latency.

Ethereum risks falling behind without specialized hardware, weakening its position as a settlement layer for the blockchain community. Investing in hardware-native solutions will allow Ethereum to scale effectively while upholding its commitment to decentralization and supporting a growing user base.

Mainstream adoption and real-world applications

The effect of hardware scaling solutions extends far beyond Ethereum itself. TradFi players are exploring blockchain-based cross-border payments, which demand real-time processing. With scalability issues inherited from the home layer, L2s alone cannot scale effectively to cater to the sheer TradFi demand. Cross-border transactions hit $190.1 trillion in 2023 and are only expected to grow in 2025, indicating one thing: Hardware acceleration is indispensable in incentivizing institutional adoption of blockchain.

Beyond finance, hardware optimization enhances blockchain utility across industries, accelerating mainstream adoption. A noteworthy example is healthcare, where accelerated blockchain infrastructure could improve the security and privacy of patient data. For gaming industries that rely on dynamic interactions, blockchain networks can help deliver real-time responses to user actions.

The AI factor

Blockchain isn’t operating in isolation; it competes with computationally intensive industries, such as AI, the buzzword of 2024. The rise of AI has reshaped industries, but it is also becoming a fierce competitor to blockchain for electricity and equipment. Data centers like Hut 8 and Coin Scientific are prioritizing AI workloads, which can generate up to 25 times more revenue than Bitcoin (BTC) mining.

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